Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Barefoot in a recycled school

The environment hasn’t been spared in India’s headlong rush towards development and consumerism. With it came mounds of garbage, piles of waste that had nowhere to go, industrial pollutants that were fed straight back into the rivers and lakes that supply drinking water to millions.‬ Walking around the streets of any town in India, you don’t get the feeling that care for the environment is on the top of anyone’s list of priorities.‬



So it was with a little skepticism that I read about a school which claimed to be completely environmentally friendly. I made a plan to travel to Pune, about 190km (118 miles) from Mumbai, to take a look at the Aman Setu school, which means “bridge to peace”. They claimed fantastic things – the buildings were environmentally friendly made entirely out of recycled and natural bits and pieces – they had their own vegetable garden for children – kids were allowed to run around barefoot.‬



What I found really was surprising. The “school” consisted of just a handful of buildings. Madhavi Kapur, who came up with the idea for the school, told me how they’d made the buildings – they’d taken old cement bags, commonly left over at many construction sites after buildings are made in India, and compacted them together with mud to make the rooms. One of the buildings was cone-shaped, others rectangular. Roofs were made out of old advertisement claddings. Ventilation was provided through disused plastic pipes.‬

Instead of using toxic paints and whitewashes, they used a mixture of cow dung, mud and water. I was told it’s been traditionally used in India for centuries because strangely enough, a mixture of cow dung and water insect proofs buildings. Who would have thought?!? It smelled reasonably pleasant too, you wouldn’t think you were standing somewhere were the floors and walls were plastered in cow dung.‬



There were rough windows cut into the walls. No lights or fans, just natural light streaming into the rooms, the sound of wind rustling the trees outside. The children seemed to love it. Why wouldn’t they? The classrooms were rustic but nice. If they got bored of studying maths or whatever, they could just leave the class, run around in the grass for a while, feed fish in the local pond, or do whatever they want and then come back in. A teacher told us they wanted the kids “to be one with the surroundings” to give them a sense of responsibility, and also to release energy – when they do come back to studying multiplication tables, they’re docile.‬



‬They’d thought of everything – they bought an old municipal transport bus and stripped it down to make it kid safe. They installed a blackboard and it doubles as a classroom and a play space, where the boys can go and dangle from the handlebars on the roof.

The children get to run around barefoot on the grass anytime they want, play in a garden on recycled car tires, hang out by a pond – all with no teachers screaming at anyone. Surprisingly, the children are attentive and obedient in class, and for all of the running around, it’s got to be the quietest school yard I’ve been in. There’s no bells to announce classes, just the teacher saying “we’re done for now”.

In one of the classroom walls, they had a normal door for adults to enter through – and a second smaller child-sized door called the “rabbit hole” for the kids to enter through – incredible. They loved it.

The founder told me she burned a lot of her money in starting the school, and in the first year, they only had four students. Three years later in 2011 they have 140 – with a lot more people getting interested in enrolling their kids, and they’ve expanded to another patch of land nearby.

Leave alone India, even in Australia where I come from we haven’t invested in our kids feeling like part of nature – I was really impressed that they’d managed to do it here, and that in a small way, they were starting to teach the next generation that will fuel India’s economic boom a thing or two about how, as a teacher put it, to be “one with nature”. Maybe there are still things that places like India can teach developed countries about eco-friendliness.

As I walked around barefoot on the grass and cowdung-plastered floors and I photographed excited kids entering and exiting their class through the “rabbit hole”, I started to really wish that I’d gone to a school like this – maybe I would have eaten all my greens, and my dinner today would be a fresh salad instead of fried rice and a coke!!

Saturday, October 22, 2011

Air Pollution to Blame for Honeybee Population Collapse


(NaturalNews) Air pollution is making it harder for bees and other pollinating insects to find food, according to a new study conducted by researchers from the University of Virginia.

Pollutants such as ozone (smog) and nitrate radicals, formed mostly as a consequence of car exhaust, are binding with the volatile scent molecules given off by flowers, the scientists found. This chemically alters the molecules so that they no longer carry a sweet scent, and do not attract pollinating insects to plants.

"Scent molecules produced by
flowers in a less polluted environment could travel for roughly 1,000 to 1,200 meters," said lead researcher Jose Fuentes. "But today they may travel only 200 to 300 meters. This makes it increasingly difficult for bees and other insects to locate the flowers."

Pollinating insects like
bees feed on the nectar from flowering plants. Thus air pollution is having a direct impact on these insects by making it harder for them to find food. Since a plant that is not pollinated cannot reproduce, pollution also leads to an overall reduction in the number of these plants, the researchers said, so that there is even less food available for the insects.

Populations of bees and other pollinating insects have drastically declined in many parts of the world - most dramatically in the United States, where up to 25 percent of honeybee colonies have been lost to
colony collapse disorder.

Colony collapse
disorder describes the still-unexplained desertion of a hive by its bees.

The researchers suggested that a difficulty finding food due to air pollution may be partially responsible for the decline in bee populations. Because insects rely heavily on scents for a variety of functions, the
scientists expressed concerns that pollution might also be hampering mate attraction and defense against predators.

Honeybees are the primary pollinators for 80 percent of the world's food crops.

Sunday, October 2, 2011

Air pollution is stunting India's monsoon

India has been drying out for half a century, and air pollution thousands of kilometres away is partly to blame.

The monsoon has been weakening since the 1950s. Indian air pollution has been blamed, but now it seems that emissions further afield are also a factor.

"The summer monsoon provides up to 80 per cent of total annual rainfall in south Asia, and supports 20 per cent of the world's population," says Yi Mingof Princeton University in New Jersey. With his colleagues, Ming used climate models to assess how different factors changed the monsoon.

The monsoon is brought by large-scale wind patterns that transport heat between the northern and southern

hemispheres. For half the year the northern hemisphere experiences more solar heating and so is warmer than the southern hemisphere; the situation is reversed during the other six months. As the winds head north over the Indian Ocean during the northern hemisphere's summer they pick up moisture, which falls as rain over south Asia.

Air pollution in the form of aerosols can weaken these long-distance wind patterns, however. That's because it reflects sunlight back into space, cooling the polluted area. Thick aerosol pollution over Europe in summer ensures that the northern hemisphere isn't much warmer than the southern hemisphere, so there is nothing to drive the winds – and nothing to trigger the monsoon.

Lurching rains

Ming says his modelling suggests that the effect of European aerosol pollution accounts for about half the drop in the volume of monsoon rainfall – the other half is down to pollution over south Asia. In as-yet-unpublished experiments, he confirmed the important role that the European pollution plays in weakening the monsoon. He ran his models again, this time assuming no aerosol pollution over south Asia. Even so, India had a significantly weaker monsoon.

The study supports existing evidence that air pollution is weakening the monsoon, says Veerabhadran Ramanathan of the University of California, San Diego.

Another form of pollution – greenhouse gas emissions – is pushing the monsoon in the other direction, towards greater rainfall, says Ramanathan. The competing forces of the greenhouse effect and air pollution may lead to a much more variable monsoon, with drought one year followed by floods the next. He says this erratic behaviour is "more worrisome" than the overall decrease in rainfall.

Thursday, September 22, 2011

Air Pollution Causing Steady Decline in India's Rice Production


A U.S. research team has found evidence suggesting that India's shrinking rice harvests-- which have been declining since the 1980's -- have been cused by the polluted clouds that are shrouding a large portion of South Asia, hence reducing sunlight & rainfall.

In the study, reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers used climate models and historical data concerning Indian rice harvests.

"We found if there had been no atmospheric brown clouds between 1985 and 1998, the annual rice harvest yield would have been 11 percent higher than it was," said Maximilian Auffhammer of the University of California, Berkeley.

Auffhammer noted that the cooler nighttime temperatures caused by the clouds were beneficial, but the decreased rainfall more than negated this benefit. Additionally, the cooler temperatures may have masked the effects of greenhouse gasses in the past.

The team's research suggested the increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere had also adversely affected the rice harvests. They reported that reducing the clouds alone, or reducing them in concert with lowered greenhouse gasses, would benefit rice output. The study only focused on farming regions that relied on rain for their crops, Auffhammer added, so the benefits would be less noticeable in areas with other irrigation options.

The research team announced that they would now look into studying China, Indonesia and other countries with polluted atmospheres.

"I think this research is crucial because it gives policymakers a lever to increase rice output," Auffhammer said, but the Indian Council of Agricultural Research stated that the research did not give it immediate cause for concern. Assistant Director General Dr. Shankar Nath Shukla said ICAR was more worried about other issues such as nutrients, rice varieties and water management.


Wednesday, September 14, 2011

Carbon Trading: My fossil fuels, your land

The BioCarbon Fund promises to plant trees across a swathe of Himachal Pradesh, amidst questions about the environmental value and fairness of the program. -Sudhirendar Sharma

13 September 2011 - Farmers in mountainous Himachal Pradesh will soon crunch atmospheric carbon to rid the Spaniards of their climate woes. Over next two decades, over 839,582 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents are likely to be sequestered in over 4000 hectares of variedly degraded agricultural and forest land in the state. For this act of benevolence, each family in 177 village panchayats will earn between 4000 and 7000 rupees per hectare each year, helping their counterparts in Europe earn elusive carbon credits to sustain their lavish lifestyles.

The creation of carbon sinks through afforestation - part of the World Bank-supported US $75 million Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project - is likely to produce a net gain of Rs. 20 crores to the communities of the region in the next 20 years. "[The] fiscal incentive has triggered a renewed interest in protecting the afforested lands," says Kushi Ram in Baddi Village in Kangra district. With little concern about where the money comes from, landowner interest is restricted to the shower of 'green currency' upon his 10-hectare plantation.

However, the transfer of funds between the host country and the client, DNA of Spain, is being brokered by the World Bank, which is a trustee of the BioCarbon Fund. Operative since May 2004, the BioCarbon Fund is a public/private initiative administered by the World Bank that aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. According to a project official, the project is helping farmers to act like a producer company - selling carbon credits to potential clients.

Is this the 'green economy' the world has been talking about? Of the many variants of this economy, the forest-based carbon-sequestering model has been positioned as a win-win system that connects the developed with the developing economies. Further, it helps develop 'new institutions' and institutional mechanisms to manage environment and the ecosystem services that accrue from it. Though at its nascent stage, such initiatives will provide the necessary paradigm shift to brace the emerging environmental challenges.


Each tonne of carbon dioxide converted into biomass under new plantations, equivalent to one credit under the programme, is valued at Rs. 240.
It has been argued that this first-of-its-kind project in the mountains will not only generate environmental benefits but will improve the revenue-generating capacity of small farmers as well. Through restoration of highly vulnerable degraded lands in the districts of Kangra and Bilaspur, silviculture activities are expected to generate 343 person-days of employment from each hectare of land as well. No wonder, on the face of it the project seems a win-win strategy for both the government and the communities involved.

Conditions Apply

And that is how it is being projected as well. It is being hailed as one of the largest carbon revenue projects of its kind, having surpassed the 3500 hectares under the Clean Development Mechanism project in China. The recent agreement between the Government of Himachal Pradesh and the World Bank, in force till December 2018, ensures that the carbon revenue will go the village community, providing them the necessary incentives to protect their watershed and forests. However, 10 per cent of the total carbon revenue will accrue to the Forest Department as overhead charges.

The revenue sharing arrangement may seem an ordinary transaction, but in reality computing carbon savings both in tree biomass above and the soil below is immensely complicated. Each tonne of carbon dioxide converted into biomass under new plantations, equivalent to one credit under the programme, is valued at a modest Rs. 240. The carbon credits from such projects are sold as Certified Emissions Reductions (CER); the villagers get the cash whereas the elusive 'credit' accrues to the buyer, whose carbon emissions are offset by the price he pays to buy the credits.

This carbon trading cycle seems straighforward enough. However, under the provisions of the project, a number of conditions have to be met before the actual carbon revenue starts to flow. The landowners must ensure that the tree density is no less than 1100 plants per hectare; that no felling of trees from the land under the project is permitted; and that no part of the land brought under such plantations shall be diverted for any non-forestry purposes.

Also, given the diversity of land ownership in the region, the net gain at the household level is likely to be truncated on account of differential carbon revenue sharing. Only from the private land will the beneficiary be able to draw 90 per cent of the carbon revenue, from village common land and forest land the prime recipient would be the village panchayat itself, which will distribute the revenue in accordance with the rights and obligations of the relevant user groups. The coverage of private land is limited to 533 hectares; in contrast the forest land being covered under the project is as high as 3177 hectares. The share of common land has been kept at a modest 293 hectares.

Farmers are awaiting the validity of the project by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), when the institutional mechanism for smooth transfer of carbon revenue at the local level would be put to test.

Grey areas

This green story, like every good one, has shades of grey. The first of these relates to the Clean Development Mechanism, a central part of the Kyoto Protocol, which has yet to come clear on its objectives. Does the mechanism not provide developed countries with a cheap alternative to reducing their own greenhouse gas emissions? It is argued that such projects promote cost-effective carbon reductions through 'off-setting' projects located in developing countries, while simultaneously allowing developed countries to continue business-as-usual.

Although CDM projects are in the early stages of their evolution, criticism nonetheless has started piling up against them in most countries. Not without reason - as several projects have only secondary objective of promoting sustainable development in host countries.

While the CDM has created the largest carbon offset market, the CERs have seemingly remained under-priced. Earning a maximum of Rs. 7000 a year from protecting a hectare of afforested land doesn't really seem like a lot, especially if the land is valued for a number of other uses anyway! The project design document has positioned the sale of CERs as a critical incentive to the stakeholders to protect, regenerate and manage the watersheds without drawing comparison with the prevailing and emerging economic scenario in the state. Unless the stakeholders value the carbon revenue mechanism to their competitive advantage, such projects will continue to have limited reach.

Declaring large tracts, an estimated 2.48 million hectares as wasteland in the state is a contested issue - the second grey area. It is a piece of statistics that may promise a huge windfall from replicating the carbon revenue generating project elsewhere. In reality, though, these so-called wastelands have myriad utilities.

The third grey area relates to the community and its practices. How will the village panchayats, who are otherwise lush with development funds, value the limited amount of green currency? Given the fact that a limited area has been brought under CDM which would need to be carefully protected, how will communities outside the project area relate to it? Has the change in social dynamics been factored in to avoid future conflicts? Any intervention of the kind alters the prevailing power dynamics at the grassroots, a crucial aspect for long-term sustainability.

Developing such projects is also a technical challenge, for which expertise from abroad, either directly or as donor support, seems a pre-requisite. That too is a sign of the imbalance inherent in the project. Conceived as an offset mechanism for the rich lifestyles of wealthy nations, carbon trading may reduce developing countries' lands to tradeable spaces, prepared for such trading by the expertise and market mechanisms of developed countries, at prices set by them.

In the quest to be fair to the planet, there has not been much pause to ask if such trades are fair to the communities whose lands are being managed in this way. Until that is proven, the criticism of CDMs is bound to continue.

Sudhirendar Sharma
13 Sep 2011

Sudhirendar Sharma is Director of the Delhi-based Ecological Foundation.


Saturday, August 27, 2011

The Top 35 Environmental Blogs

By Josh Catone

There are hundreds, if not thousands, of blogs dedicated to the environment on the Internet. That's really no surprise given that environmental conservation is one of the most pressing issues of our time, and has become especially pertinent in recent years due to concerns about global warming and mega-hit documentaries like Former US Vice President Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth.

As part of our participation in Blog Action Day, we waded through much of the environmental blogosphere and picked out our favorites (caveat: not all of these are blogs in the strictest sense of the word, but those that aren't are generally still long-tail environmentally focused content sites). It's very likely that we've left a few of your favorites off the list, so please feel free to leave them in the comments below. Presented in no particular order:

____________________________________________________________________________________

  • TreeHugger - TreeHugger is the mother of all environmental blogs, ranking #17 on Technorati's top blogs list (which makes it at least one of the most referenced enviroblogs). It covers general environmental news, events and products.
  • EcoGeek - Geek chic environmental is a good way to describe EcoGeek, which writes about gadgets that are earth friendly.
  • Environmental Law Prof Blog - From the always-good Law Professor Blog Network, this one deals with pressing concerns surrounding the issue of environmental law.
  • New Scientist Environment Blog - Excellent environmental commentary and analysis from New Scientist magazine.
  • AutoblogGreen - A spin-off from Weblogs Inc.'s popular Autoblog, the green version deals with cars and the environment -- think hybrids, gas consumption, alternative fuels, etc.
  • Eco-worrier - Musings on the environment from a columnist at the Times of London.
  • Grist Mill - Daily environmental news delivered in blog form from Grist magazine (which is also about the environment).
  • Green Car Congress - Another environmentally focused automobile blog, focusing on technology, news, and politics relating to the green mobility industry.
  • Inhabitat - Generally about living a greener lifestyle, this blog often deals with subjects around green building and sustainable living.
  • Ecomoto - A two year old blog/magazine examining environmental trends.
  • The Lazy Environmentalist - The blog for a nationally syndicated (US) talk radio show about easy green living.
  • Alternative Consumer - Environmentally friendly products: you want 'em and Alternative Consumer has you covered.
  • Teensy Green - Got kids? Then give Teensy Green a read. A blog for the environmentally aware parent.
  • Haute*Nature - In their own words: "Ecologically based creative ideas, art & green products for your children, home and lifestyle... blending style with sustainability."
  • Hippy Shopper - From the Shiny Media blog network, Hippy Shopper is about all the eco-friendly stuff you covet.
  • Sustainable Style - You can have your cake and eat it too, or in the case of Sustainable Style look good and do well for the environment.
  • Green Options - A great general enviroblog and community based out of Berkley, California.
  • No Impact Man - The chronicle of a man living in New York City as he attempts to go completely zero impact (i.e., ride a bicycle everywhere, recycle everything, eat locally produced food, and so on)

  • Great Green Baby - Another site for the green parent, Great Green Baby reviews eco-friendly baby products.
  • EcoFriend - EcoFriend is a blog about all those sexy, environmentally aware products you want but can't afford.
  • ecoFabulous - Reviews of great green stuff for the house, home, and body.
  • Ecorazzi - Celebrity gossip meets environmentalism. Did you hear that Leonardo DiCaprio is building a 'green hotel' on his 104-acre private island off the coast of Belize with the owners of the Four Seasons Resort chain? No? Then read Ecorazzi.
  • EcoStreet - A well-written and actively updated general evironmental news and commentary blog.
  • Green As Thistle - Green As Thistle chronicles the progress of Vanessa, a Canadian journalist, as she tries to "spend each day, for an entire calendar year, doing one thing that betters the environment." She's on day 229 and still kicking.
  • The Green Guy - The Green Guy writes about "ethical living" and about how to go green without making drastic, life-altering changes to your routine. I just wish he'd update more (by the way, the Adam Vaughn, who writes The Green Guy, also founded another blog on our list, Hippy Shopper).
  • Mindful Momma - There are a lot of blogs out there about green parenting -- it's an entire niche unto itself -- and Mindful Momma is one of the best.
  • Got2BeGreen - A blog focused on all sorts a cool green technology (a recent post deals with how to power your laptop with the sun, for example).
  • Triple Pundit - An intersection of the evironment and politics delivered in an interesting voice with useful commentary.

  • Celsias - A great general blog about the environment, politics, sustainability, and green living.
  • Enviroblog - Eviroblog talks about public health in the context of environmental policy.
  • Get With Green - If you're remodeling your home or building a new one, subscribe to Get With Green to learn about all the ways you can make your living space environmentally friendly.
  • Green Thinkers - Green Thinkers is, in its own words, "an informal forum for ideas and thoughts on how to live a more green life."
  • Green Wombat - From Business 2.0, Green Wombat was a blog about business, technology, and the environment. With the closing of the magazine this month, however, its future is likely grim. Read the archives online while you still can.
  • Lighter Footstep - Lighter Footsteps is all about sustainable living and leaving less of an imprint by making greener living choices.
  • Life Goggles - Another great general green living blog, with a slight focus on TV and movies as they relate to the environment.

Bonus site: If you crave environment news from multiple sources, check out Hugg, which is like digg, but for eco-centric stories.

Top 35 image by Kelli Shaver.

Friday, August 19, 2011

Cycle to Lose Weight… and Create Electricity

For those who live in NYC, are members of New York Sports Club and like to spin (and can handle the intense burning in your thighs), there’s a new spin class you may want to consider. Last year, the Chelsea club, located at West. 23rd St. and Eight Ave., installed Star Trac Spinner NXT bikes that are only available at 75 gyms in the entire country. These bikes not only get your legs into fantastic shape but convert your sweat, leg power and possibly tears, into electricity.

istock_000002321711xsmallWriter Dorothy Spears describes the bikes in her New York Timesarticle “Pedaling Your Way to Environmental Nirvana.” The bikes are created by The Green Revolution, Inc.; according to the company’s website, it “connects health + energy + environment by turning human effort within a health club into usable energy… an idea whose time has come.” I can’t help but agree. People may not be willing to make significant lifestyle changes to reduce their carbon footprints, but they should have little problem getting on an exercise machine that tells them how much electricity they’ve generated.

Spears spoke to Green Revolution’s Mike Curnyn, who leads the company’s marketing and strategy. He explained how these bikes create energy:

Mr. Curnyn explained that each bike’s generator feeds into a cable connected to a black cabinet at the front of the studio. There, DC electricity is converted into AC electricity. This is supplied to the health club’s main electrical panel “the same way Con Ed is tied to that panel and pushing electricity into club for use,” he said.

Grid inverters in the panel play “traffic cop,” ensuring that human energy gets used first, Mr. Curnyn added.

The idea is certainly great, but there’s a reason that not all fitness clubs have installed these new bikes.

Although Green Revolution’s technology simply combines existing brand-name bikes with retrofitted generators, Mr. Curnyn admitted that it took roughly three years for clubs using his company’s product to make a return on their initial investment of $200 to $300 per bike, despite savings of “up to $1,000 a month” in club energy bills and the demand from cyclists who are eager to inject their workouts with a sense of higher purpose.

I hope that we hear about more gyms installing these bikes, as spin classes are popular with gym-goers. Imagine all the electricity that could be generated! And who knows, perhaps Green Revolution can create a special line of treadmills too.

Thursday, August 4, 2011

57 Animal Species Critically Endangered in India

The IUCN recently released the list of critically endangered species of India. This includes birds and animals like the Jerdon’s courser, White Backed Vulture, the pygmy hog and more.

Before you read the complete list of animals included, read further to know what the status critically endangered means.

What is Critically Endangered?

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has marked Critically Endangered (CR) to be the highest risk category given to any wild species. This means that the species population is so less that it can become extinct any time.

There are five criteria that govern whether a species can be called CR or not. These are,

  1. Populations have declined or will decrease, by greater than 80% over the last 10 years or three generations.
  2. Have a restricted geographical range.
  3. Small population size of less than 250 individuals and continuing decline at 25% in 3 years or one generation.
  4. Very small or restricted population of fewer than 50 mature individuals.
  5. High probability of extinction in the wild.

If any animal or plant species is found to be adhering to any of the above criteria, it is said to be critically endangered.

Here are the 57 species of critically endangered animals of India.

Birds

Forest Owlet

  1. Forest Owlet (Heteroglaux blewitti)
  2. Jerdon’s courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus)
  3. White-bellied Heron (Ardea insignis)
  4. White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)
  5. Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)
  6. Long-billed Vulture (Gyps indicus)
  7. Red- headed Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus)
  8. Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis)
  9. Himalayan Quail (Ophrysia superciliosa)
  10. Pink- headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)
  11. Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarious)
  12. Spoon Billed Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus)
  13. Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)

Mammals

Pygmy Hog

  1. Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania) and the Pygmy hog-sucking Louse (Haematopinus oliveri) The survival of this louse is dependent on the pygmy hog.
  2. Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis)
  3. Jenkin’s Andaman Spiny Shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi)
  4. Nicobar White-tailed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica)
  5. Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana)
  6. Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira)
  7. Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)
  8. Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina)
  9. Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
  10. Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

Reptiles

Gharial

  1. Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
  2. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
  3. Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
  4. Four-toed River Terrapin or River Terrapin (Batagur baska)
  5. Red-crowned Roofed Turtle or the Bengal Roof Turtle (Batagur kachuga)
  6. Sispara day gecko (Cnemaspis sisparensis)

Amphibians

Anamalai Flying Frog

  1. Anamalai Flying Frog (Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus)
  2. Gundia Indian Frog (Indirana gundia)
  3. Kerala Indian Frog (Indirana phrynoderma)
  4. Charles Darwin’s Frog (Ingerana charlesdarwini)
  5. Kottigehar Bubble-nest Frog (Micrixalus kottigeharensis)
  6. Amboli Bush Frog (Pseudophilautus amboli)
  7. Chalazodes Bubble-Nest Frog (Raorchestes chalazodes)
  8. Small Bush Frog (Raorchestes chotta)
  9. Green-eyed Bush Frog (Raorchestes chlorosomma)
  10. Griet Bush Frog (Raorchestes griet)
  11. Kaikatt’s Bush Frog (Raorchestes kaikatti)
  12. Mark’s Bush Frog (Raorchestes marki)
  13. Munnar Bush Frog (Raorchestes munnarensis)
  14. Large Ponmudi Bush Frog (Raorchestes ponmudi)
  15. Resplendent Shrub Frog (Raorchestes resplendens)
  16. Sacred Grove Bush frog (Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus)
  17. Sushil’s Bush Frog (Raorchestes sushili)
  18. Shillong Bubble-nest Frog (Raorchestes shillongensis)
  19. Tiger toad (Xanthophryne tigerinus)

Fish

Pondicherry Shark

  1. The Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus hemiodon)
  2. Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus)
  3. Knife-tooth Sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata)
  4. Large-tooth Sawfish (Pristis microdon)
  5. Long-comb Sawfish or Narrow-snout Sawfish (Pristis zijsron)

Spiders

Metallic Tarantula

  1. The Rameshwaram Ornamental or Rameshwaram Parachute Spider (Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica)
  2. The Gooty Tarantula, Metallic Tarantula or Peacock Tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica)

Corals

Fire Coral

  1. Fire corals (Millepora boschmai)

List courtesy Zoological Survey of India